![]() ![]() Nice is the largest bus operator in the country providing luxury or executive coach services and receives great support by more than 20,000 loyal customers whom are privileged with points that can be exchanged with free tickets, merchandises or even holiday packages. Passengers will indeed enjoy NICE Imperial for its facilities such as meals and beverages being served on board, on-board Tablet Infotainment with WiFi services and its features of viewing your favorite movies and music throughout the journey. Nice executive coaches is also the first and only bus operator in Malaysia to have its service pantry located at the front of the coach to give its passengers a feeling similar to an airline, and at the same time isolate its passengers from undesirable frontal traffic noises and view.Īdditionally, Nice also has a considerably new fleet of NICE Imperial that has been providing daily bus services within Malaysia as well as Singapore to KL and KL to Singapore. “Nice++” is the first executive coach in Malaysia that started installing individual LCD screen for its passengers. Nice operates two sub-brands with “Nice++” as a leading flagship out of a fleet of 50 buses. Just suggest to the people seeing this review, if you want to arrive airport on time, never choice their couches.Nice Coach Express Bus Service & Reputation Over the years, the black-owned family business has diversified to include hiring services and cargo transportation. It wastes times and money for no reasons. Eldo Coaches is a South African transport service established in 1956 and has grown enormously since its inception. Also, there are no information telling what is happening on A7 line on their app& website's homepage! Even now I'm writing the review, the GHOST COUCH still not arrive (already 2 hours past), and other passengers and me need to search other way to the airport, because we don't want to miss other flights!!! I think I will NEVER use this app and take National Express in my life. Although the app has couch tracking, there is no information, no estimation departure time, no staff around the stop, just nothing at all!! I tried to call for help, but there is no number showing on the app or their website. Find Red Coach Bus schedule, station locations, phone number, discounts & services all in one place. To view our current bus schedule which runs 365. However, I wait for one and a half hours still couldn't see the missing couch. When you Go Van Galder, you can sit back, relax, and let our professional drivers get you there Buy Tickets. It shows that passenger should arrive 10 mins earlier in case the couch comes. I bought the ticket to Stansted Airport through the app on the day I'm going to travel. Cheap bus tickets in France and Europe - SNCF Connect. Unreliable app and Transportation Company No one can be like Alan (one of the drivers) who is very professional and always look very neat and wholesome. Appalling! I was imagining if that was me begging and desperate to get on that time, I will be so frustrated and feeling sorry for myself as a senior citizen. That's what she booked, she can wait and get on that coach time". When were leaving Leeds, this Darren was saying to the other guy not to worry about it. Which is a bull coz I've purchased ticket so may times in the past as I got on the coach before. ![]() She has no choices but to wait on the next hour. I was surprised as a regular commuter on this coach 134 6:45 bcoz another lady on Monday was begging this driver Darren (with someone with him I gather on a training) to buy a new ticket so she can get on the 6:45 instead of the 7:45 she already booked, and Darren said she can't. Île-de-France Mobilités vous accompagne dans tous vos déplacements en Île-de-France. ![]() They boarded eventually but it took 8 min to wait for them to make a decision whether to leave behind the said food baggage. When they finally came, more delays bcoz of their baggage apparently with some food they're not allowed to bring. A woman name Carol (if I can describe her has got some tattoos in her arms and another lady employee, has to make a decision over the driver to wait for them. Today I have to be late to work coz the driver from Leeds to Birmingham have to wait for some people to board whose family were still behind her. We have a large network of 200 destinations, so you can trust us to take. For a quick, easy and environmentally-conscious choice, travel with FlixBus. Unfair and inconsistent driver's attitude Bus tickets between London and Paris cost 31.99 on average, but you can get tickets for as low as 30.99 if you book in advance and/or outside of busy travel times, like weekends and holidays.
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![]() Game development was tracked through daily development updates posted on the front page of. Distinction between Pre-Beta and Pertubated Koala remain within select asset changes.Īlpha was non-public, available only to Chucklefish developers, a small number of contributors, and some family and friends. The existence of this version is relatively unknown, with the exception of the Insomnia Fest i49 stream in August 2013. Predating the public early access release, it was not publicly playable. Pre-Beta was a possible build briefly created during the transition of Alpha to the initial public beta release. ![]() Valentine's day content, skyrails, Treasure Room/ Heck underground mini biomes, changes to biome generation, lots of engine and programming improvements, bugfixes.ĭifficulty levels, disk serialization overhaul, new cosmetic armorĬhristmas holiday content, turrets, Wiring Station Tons of new content, biomes, star types, foods, techs, bosses, quests, unique biome weapons, armor and items, staffs, ship upgrades, Novakids, missions, crafting specializations, knockback and temperature removed. Winter Update, the update intended for revamping the game's progression. New content, Erchius Horror microdungeons, Human armor redesigned. Planet Bookmarks, Teleporters, ship pets, The Ark, Slime Caves. Colony System, Frögg Furnishings, Improvements to NPCs and planet generation, challenge rooms, merchants, progression and combat reworked, new content. Weapons reworked, unique monsters introduced, vehicles, new biomes and other content.Ĭolony Update. The last beta version before the full release.Ĭombat Update. Reworked game introduction and story, new quests/lore, crafting reworked, pets, crew, fossils, rails, tech reworked, planet generation changed, new biomes, new content. Starbound leaves 'early access'/'beta' and releases Version 1.0 Novakid Villages, Collections, Fishing, new content and bugfixes. Terraforming, Ancient Vaults, Weapon upgrades Modular Mechs, Spacestations, Revamped space travel Bounty Hunting, Elemental Monster Variants ![]() Using poison Cloud to Cover the Window in Bind MapĢ.Toxic Screen: Strategies for Map Control and Line of Sight Manipulation Practice one sided poison cloud placements for maximum advantages.Combine Poison Cloud with Toxic Screen for enhanced area denial and unexpected traps.Position the cloud strategically to block pathways, forcing opponents to reroute.Use Poison Cloud to create barriers hindering enemy movement or vision.Mastering Viper’s Abilities In-depth Breakdown of Each Abilityġ.Poison Cloud: Tactics for Area Denial and Control Understanding Viper’s abilities and her knack for turning the battlefield into a hazardous zone allows players to craft intricate strategies that capitalize on her toxic arsenal, elevating their team’s chances of victory in Valorant’s high-stakes confrontations. Viper players often excel at setting traps, forcing enemies into unwelcome confrontations, and capitalizing on their disorientation. Viper Valorant thrives in situations where controlling space and creating chaos are advantageous. Her playstyle rewards patience and planning, as well-timed abilities can completely change the course of a round. Strategically, Viper can cut off enemy routes, deny access to certain areas, and force opponents into disadvantageous positions using her Poison Cloud and Toxic Screen. Her abilities offer a blend of offense and defense, making her a versatile controller. She excels at manipulating the battlefield, dictating where enemies can move and limiting their options. Viper’s playstyle revolves around control and disruption. Let’s discuss how to master these abilities later on this article.Īnalysis of Viper’s Playstyle and Strategic Advantages It’s a versatile tool for controlling areas and forcing enemies to rethink their approach. This toxic haze obstructs vision and inflicts damage on those within its grasp. Poison Cloud: Viper deploys a device that emits a poisonous cloud upon activation. Overview of Viper’s Abilities and Unique Skills ![]() As players delve into the toxic world of Viper, they unlock a range of possibilities to outsmart and outmaneuver their opponents in the dynamic realm of Valorant. Her unique abilities make her a force to be reckoned with, and mastering her playstyle requires a combination of strategic thinking and precise execution. Viper’s role as a controller is to shape the battlefield according to her team’s needs, whether it’s creating obstacles for the enemy, controlling key areas, or disrupting enemy strategies. Viper’s abilities are designed around poisonous gas, offering a unique playstyle that can disrupt enemy movements and dictate engagements. Her primary role revolves around area denial and strategic control, making her an invaluable asset in both offensive and defensive scenarios. Armed with a lethal mix of toxins, Viper is a versatile controller who excels at manipulating the battlefield to her team’s advantage. In the vibrant cast of agents within Valorant, Viper stands out as a master of chemical warfare. Introduction to Agent Viper and Her Role in the Game The game emphasizes teamwork, strategy, and individual skill, making it a thrilling and competitive multiplayer experience. Teams of attackers and defenders face off in rounds, each aiming to complete objectives like planting or defusing a spike. It combines precise gunplay with unique agent abilities, creating an intense and strategic gaming experience. Valorant is a popular tactical shooter game developed by Riot Games. ![]() As your baby's head rotates, extends, or flexes during labor, the body will stay in position with one shoulder down toward your spine and one shoulder up toward your belly.Sometimes, the baby will rotate so it faces up toward the pubic bone.Usually, the baby will be face down toward your spine.This helps the head fit the shape of your pelvis. As your baby's head descends further, the head will most often rotate so the back of the head is just below your pubic bone.With the chin tucked, it is easier for the baby's head to pass through the pelvis.During descent, the baby's head is flexed down so that the chin touches the chest.Most often, descent occurs during labor, either as the cervix dilates or after you begin pushing.This is when your baby's head moves down (descends) further through your pelvis.Engagement tells your health care provider that your pelvis is large enough to allow the baby's head to move down (descend).This is when the widest part of your baby's head has entered the pelvis.These movements of your baby's head are called cardinal movements of labor. These changes are needed for your baby to fit and move through your pelvis. Transverse lie is more common when you deliver before your due date, or have twins or triplets.Īs your baby passes through the birth canal, the baby's head will change positions. This type of presentation occurs less than 1% of the time. ![]() The shoulder, arm, or trunk may present first if the fetus is in a transverse lie. Other breech positions occur when either the feet or knees present first.A frank breech is when the hips are flexed so the legs are straight and completely drawn up toward the chest.A complete breech is when the buttocks present first and both the hips and knees are flexed.Breech presentation occurs about 3% of the time. If your baby is in any position other than head down, your doctor may recommend a cesarean delivery.īreech presentation is when the baby's bottom is down. There are different types of cephalic presentation, which depend on the position of the baby's limbs and head (fetal attitude).Cephalic presentation occurs in about 97% of deliveries. This position makes it easier and safer for your baby to pass through the birth canal.The best position for your baby inside your uterus at the time of delivery is head down. This makes delivery more difficult.ĭelivery presentation describes the way the baby is positioned to come down the birth canal for delivery. When this happens, the presenting part will be larger as it passes through the pelvis. Other body parts may be positioned behind the back. The arms and legs are drawn in towards the center of the chest.Ībnormal fetal attitudes include a head that is tilted back, so the brow or the face presents first.The normal fetal attitude is commonly called the fetal position. The fetal attitude describes the position of the parts of your baby's body. If the baby is sideways (at a 90-degree angle to your spine), the baby is said to be in a transverse lie.Nearly all babies are in a longitudinal lie. If your baby's spine runs in the same direction (parallel) as your spine, the baby is said to be in a longitudinal lie.Your baby will most often settle into a position in the pelvis before labor begins. Your baby's spine is between their head and tailbone. This refers to how the baby's spine lines up with the mother's spine. However, engagement may happen later in the pregnancy, or even during labor. ![]() In first-time moms, the baby's head may engage by 36 weeks into the pregnancy.
In keeping with the hacking theme, Introversion created an alternate-reality "treasure hunt" leading up to the release, teasing what Project Nakatomi would be. Project Nakatomi was so named as it was aimed at the "die hard" fans of Uplink: Hacker Elite (Nakatomi Plaza is the skyscraper setting of the film Die Hard). In 2002, Introversion released the "Project Nakatomi" patch (v1.21) that included such additions as LAN hacking and a functional in-game IRC chat interface. Personally decrypting the four books was considered a point of pride within the Uplink community, so hints requested on the community forums were intentionally kept obtuse. The books were hidden on the Bonus CD, website, and as the final reward for solving the "treasure hunt" on Introversion's site leading up to the release of the Nakatomi patch.Īll four books were hidden or encrypted, with clues located on Introversion's website, or within the game packaging itself (such as the hex string on the back cover.) Decrypting the books required some minor "hacking" skills, such as using "one time pad" decryption programs, or "redshirt" programs to extract. Introversion released a "Game Bible" in four hidden parts called "books." These covered the development of Uplink from conception up to the release of the "Project Nakatomi" patch. The initial run of discs eventually ran out, and the CD was later made available for free download. After the turnover was less than expected, the Bonus CD was made available for purchase in June 2002 for $7.00 USD off Introversion's site. The Bonus CD was originally offered to people who convinced a friend to purchase Uplink. The Dev CD contained the complete source code and tools needed for modders to alter the game, and could be purchased from Introversion's web store for 30 GBP. The Bonus CD contained pictures, wallpapers, beta versions, articles, and other "behind the scenes" materials from the making of the game. Introversion offered two extras for fans - a "Bonus CD" and a "Dev CD." Continued abuse of our services will cause your IP address to be blocked indefinitely.Uplink appears in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die by General Editor Tony Mott. Please fill out the CAPTCHA below and then click the button to indicate that you agree to these terms. If you wish to be unblocked, you must agree that you will take immediate steps to rectify this issue. If you do not understand what is causing this behavior, please contact us here. If you promise to stop (by clicking the Agree button below), we'll unblock your connection for now, but we will immediately re-block it if we detect additional bad behavior. Overusing our search engine with a very large number of searches in a very short amount of time.Using a badly configured (or badly written) browser add-on for blocking content.Running a "scraper" or "downloader" program that either does not identify itself or uses fake headers to elude detection.Using a script or add-on that scans GameFAQs for box and screen images (such as an emulator front-end), while overloading our search engine.There is no official GameFAQs app, and we do not support nor have any contact with the makers of these unofficial apps. Continued use of these apps may cause your IP to be blocked indefinitely. This triggers our anti-spambot measures, which are designed to stop automated systems from flooding the site with traffic. Some unofficial phone apps appear to be using GameFAQs as a back-end, but they do not behave like a real web browser does. ![]() Using GameFAQs regularly with these browsers can cause temporary and even permanent IP blocks due to these additional requests. ![]() If you are using the Brave browser, or have installed the Ghostery add-on, these programs send extra traffic to our servers for every page on the site that you browse, then send that data back to a third party, essentially spying on your browsing habits. ![]() We strongly recommend you stop using this browser until this problem is corrected. The latest version of the Opera browser sends multiple invalid requests to our servers for every page you visit.The most common causes of this issue are: Your IP address has been temporarily blocked due to a large number of HTTP requests. ![]() Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts.Visions of Paradise in a Global Middle Ages. ![]() Writing a history of Jewish architecture.The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art.The lives of Christ and the Virgin in Byzantine art.The Buddha’s long “journey” to Europe and Africa.Coming Out: Queer Erasure and Censorship from the Middle Ages to Modernity.Musical imagery in the Global Middle Ages.Travel, trade and exploration in the Middle Ages.A Global Middle Ages through the Pages of Decorated Books.A new pictorial language: the image in early medieval art.Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintingsīlack Pharaohs: Nubia, Egypt, and Historical Racism… Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook.Not your grandfather’s art history: a BIPOC Reader.With 503 contributors from 201 colleges, universities, museums, and researchĬenters, Smarthistory is the most-visited art history resource in the world. We believe that the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background. So if you are an avid Siblieus user on the Mac or PC or a NotateMe or Notion user on the iPad, take a moment to print some manuscript paper, get a pencil and try the old fashioned way.At Smarthistory, the Center for Public Art History, we believe art has the power to transform lives and to build understanding across cultures. I tend to arrange directly into Sibelius, rather than write out the arrangements on blank music paper, although I do still sometime do this if there is a section that is troubling me. I also find that hand writing music makes for much quicker arranging, printing out the original piece on a piano staff and annotating it before putting it into Sibelius. With the improvisational approach (which there is nothing wrong with at all) I don't think you write harmonies that are as complex as you tend to follow a simpler pattern. The harmonies are also more deliberate because I am thinking about the chord progression carefully, rather than just improvising lines and seeing what harmony happens. The fact that I have to hear everything in my head, rather than Sibelius or a similar software package letting me hear an electronic version of the instrumentation also help, believe it or not! I think the 'orchestra in your head' is sometimes a more accurate representation of how a piece of music will sound than that generated by the (admittedly excellent) Sibelius sound set. When using a pencil and paper I have to think far more carefully about the harmony, counterpoint and how I am using and developing melodies. Sometimes Sibelius or similar software for computer or iPad can mean that I don't really think too much before I start adding lines, just improvising and editing to make them fit. ![]() I actually find that writing music down on paper first really focuses my composing. Should You Use Blank Manuscript Paper Or Your Computer? I know how annoying it can be not having the paper you need when inspiration strikes! I will try and get it to you as fast as possible. If you find you want a size or a format that isn't here just fill in the form at the bottom and let me know. I have created the manuscript paper in various different sizes and formats so you can choose whichever is most suitable for you. Blank music paper you buy in shops tends to have thin, light, blue-grey lines to make it easier to read the dots when you have put them on the staff. This makes it very difficult to see the notes you have written on top of them, especially if you have written in pencil. One of the problems with finding blank music writing paper online is that lots of it has very black staff lines. Download free blank manuscript paper hereīlank manuscript paper and a pencil are musician's necessities sometimes, no matter how much computers, iPads and other devices seem to be taking over writing down of music! ![]() They're rather vanilla-esque and stamped with Crumplebottom's seal of approval (in my dreams).ĭownload the package below to your mods folder. These dances however are not part of the animation list for stripper dances. The pole object will be recognized by WW next update, so you can use them in strip clubs. Dancing sim must have higher skill than watcher for this interaction to appear. Two additional ways to watch sims pole dance by clicking on the pole: Watching is autonomous for performances, but you can also prompt sims to watch manually if you're not maxed level yet.Īs the dancer, you can select a sim and 'Invite to watch'.Īs the audience, you can select ' Watch pole dance'. If your sim is a celebrity, they will amass a crowd regardless of which option you pick. Perform without Music: Sims will give tips and watching autonomy is less strong.(You'll need my ballroom dance mod for the cheering crowd effect) Perform with Music: For cheering crowd effect and original music.I have posted this dance before for WickedWhims. Sims will give tips and watching autonomy is less strong.Ī performative dance piece by Sweden's pole dance world champion 2018. Once your sim hits max level for dance or striptease, they have the option to do 3 performance-type interactions which will draw other sims autonomously:Ī combination of all dance moves learned from level 1 to 5 weaved into a 2-sim hour routine. (Hit: Shift + Control + C, type testingCheats true, and shift-click the pole) Upgrade through the legit menu or use cheats, which is useful to upgrade in bulk. The dance pole can also be upgraded to fit taller ceiling houses. I've taken some creative liberties, so you can 'Upgrade to Self-cleaning' if you don't want to deal with dirt and grime. They get especially dirty faster if left out in bad weather. These dance poles can get dirty overtime and has to be cleaned like any other object. Note: Striptease skill requires WickedWhims. Get on a bed, or on a sofa, or the floor, or anywhere you want to get freaky with anybody you want. Also increases fitness gain.Įach routine has a core focus on specific pole dance skills: Every increase in dance or striptease level unlocks a dance to a total of 5. This mod consists of a dance pole object, 6 dance routines and 1 performance.įind the object under 'Hobby > Creative/Misc' or use search terms 'MF' and 'Dance Pole'.Īt level 1, all your sim can do is build core strength. You'll see a mix of new and old works as I've been steadily building enough animations for this mod. Can't say I was any good, but my sims can be! This genre has been done to death but I used to pole dance so this is a lovely tribute to a long lost memory. Hallo hallo! I’m super excited to bring you this mod. Added 10 color swatches of bubblegum variety. No pole dancing without watcher permission. Huge thanks for allowing me to use this animation and shout out to their beautiful storytelling animations showcased on youtube.- Autonomy turned off for dances. Pirouettes are done by me while Grand/Demi Plies by GamingTweety. Put the package file into your mods folder.Delete old version (V1) if updating to V2.They also a soft requirement if you are interested in building a strip club. The Poles come in a variety of colors and 3 different height, depending on the ceiling you use, Short, Medium and High so the poles will allways reach the ceiling. Watch and Learn: Sims have the option to 'watch and learn' from dancers with skill level 4 and above. This is a collection of Dancing Poles and 2 Caged Dancing Poles. Mentored sims may develop the impressed sentiment towards their mentor. Dancers receive a boost in skill increase by 50%, or 100% with the Mentor reward trait. Mentor: Sims who have dance skill level 4 and above can mentor other dancers. Heckle / Cheer will not interrupt sims whether they are practicing or training. They can be chatted with, clink glasses during new years, or take a teen selfie if autonomy is on. Practice allow dancers to be interrupted midway. Spanish Translations by - minor string fix & removed redundant 'Concerto' interactionįind 'MF Ballet Barre' under Activities and Skills > Recreation. 7 swatches. I successfully installed and registered Vegas, but only one serial number was supplied, and it wont work with DVD Architect. ![]() We apologize for any inconvenience this causes. I purchased Sony Vegas pro 9.0 with the included DVD Architect 5.0 from Amazon. During this time you may be unable to view documents or check the status of applications and registrations. Sony sold VEGAS, so its now just VEGAS Pro, VEGAS Creative Software are who owns it now. Sony Vegas pro 8 series: Ser a : 1 W- 45 GH0-1735 - A t nt c tio code: 7PNGDKTR -JS CZ 7T- 71VZV 07- 7CM16XRX-9 2 S6 Q7C4 D9P. 625 visitors told us the serial is good, 278 guys said the number is bad. The Trademark Status and Document Retrieval (TSDR) system will undergo routine maintenance between 12:01 a.m. The last serial number for this program was added to our data base on February 9, 2020. ![]() 1.2 'Software' refers to the computer program in object code format contained within a MAGIX Product, including all updates and Upgrades, with. Sony Vegas Pro 13 Serial Number + Crack +. The following definitions shall apply to this license agreement: 1.1 'MAGIX Product' refers to the product licensed under this agreement, consisting of Software and, if applicable, additional Contents. For assistance with TSDR, email and include your serial number, the document you are looking for, and a screenshot of any error messages you have received. Ashampoo Slideshow Studio HD 4 0 9 3 Crack is Here LifeTime BicFic. We apologize for any inconvenience this causes. During this time you may be unable to view documents or check the status of applications and registrations. ![]() The Trademark Status and Document Retrieval (TSDR) system will undergo routine maintenance between 12:01 a.m. Trademark Law: Rules of Practice & Federal Statutesįor assistance with TSDR, email and include your serial number, the document you are looking for, and a screenshot of any error messages you have received. ![]() Not only do you get disciplined with having an after-school schedule, you also tend to become productive in every way. One could actually divide a school week allotted for different activities that are non-repetitive. Flexible After-School Hours – To avoid getting bored with the same after-school routine, a student can always make use of a flexible after- school schedule google docs.This helps you specify ideal school schedule templates that should reflect how much time you have left after school daily. Time Consideration – At times when the number of after-school hours vary, you must learn how to consider different activities in either an abundant or limited time frame.You could list your prioritized activities on any sample schedule word draft. Always go for the priority which sometimes means deadlines and other important matters. Priority – Weigh the activities that you need to complete as much as you’ve spent time determining how much free time you have after classes.Here are tips on how you can manage after-school activities: ![]() All of our templates are 100 editable so making changes to them shouldn’t be too difficult. If you want to prepare the schedule in Pages then we have templates that can help you. Use a family weekend schedule like the one provided here. If you do not want to waste your hours after school, it would be best that you manage what activities you should accomplish. Stay organized and you will enjoy even more. In that manner, you are reminded of what to do when school hours are over.ĭownload Now Tips on How to Manage After-School ActivitiesĪlways aim to create after-school schedules with reasonable and productive activities. Once you have it all planned out, finalize a copy of your school schedule pdf that you could take to school. If there are school projects you need to complete within specific days, these homework schedule design templates could be a perfectly remind you daily. Utilize this tool to plot your activities that you aim to accomplish. Secure an after-school template or create a customized one.
![]() For example, Beck and others hypothesized that people suffering from depression would hold dysfunctional attitudes, or “rules for living”, that are often rigid and negatively skewed (e.g., “If I don’t do everything perfectly, it means I am no good at all”). However, none of these studies specifically compared and contrasted cognitive inputs into depression across multiple regions.īeck’s model also posited more remote cognitive layers that are believed to be implicated in the maintenance of depression. Despite these inconsistent findings across cultures, negative automatic thoughts have been found to associate with depression symptoms among Chinese Egyptian, Turkish, and Japanese participants. specifically suggested that depressive self-reproach and negativity may only be a defining feature of depression among Judeo-Christian sufferers. Similarly, found that Pakistanis were less likely to present with guilt as a feature of their depression compared with their Austrian counters. Sami and El-Gawad found that depressed Arab participants experienced relatively little guilt or self-deprecating cognitions. However, there have been surprisingly few examinations of the cognitive triad hypothesis outside of Western regions, although preliminary evidence collected among single non-Western cultures is suggestive (reviewed in Beshai et al. Many early studies conducted in the West with depressed or dysphoric (i.e., people showing elevated symptoms of depression) participants confirm the validity of the cognitive triad hypothesis during bouts of depression (reviewed in Clark & Beck ). Strong empirical evidence supports this claim among Western participants: negative self-referent thoughts have been identified as a consistent and defining feature of the disorder. This hypothesis is also known as cognitive triad hypothesis. Importantly, Beck hypothesized that, at the most accessible or proximate level of the information processing system, negative automatic thoughts about self (“e.g., “I am no good” “I am unlovable”) are predominant in depression and are central to the experience of the condition. Beck posited that there are several cognitive layers implicated in the onset and maintenance of depression. Beck’s seminal cognitive theory was first to formalize hypotheses regarding the role of cognitions in depression. Negative self-referent cognitions have long been theorized to be central to the experience of depression. ![]() Depression is a heterogenous disorder, and several combinations of these symptoms could be placed under the same diagnostic umbrella of depression. – have persisted for two or more weeks and have caused significant distress or impairment. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5, ), major depression is a condition wherein symptoms – low-mood, lack of pleasure in otherwise enjoyable activities, disruptions in sleep and appetite, low energy, poor concentration, suicidal thoughts, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt, etc. In the following, we (a) briefly review the literature on the cognitive model of depression, the centrality of cognitions to cognitive therapy for the disorder, and on emotion regulation strategies and their use and consequences across cultures, and (b) present an empirical study examining whether predictions of the cognitive model hold cross-continentally.ĭepression is a multifaceted condition, typified by behavioral, affective, cognitive, and somatic symptoms. Accordingly, the present study examined the validity of central hypotheses related to the cognitive model of depression among people living on four continents: Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. The theoretical underpinnings of treatments such as CBT have seldom been examined among people living in non-Western nations, or among people of non-European decent. Fortunately, there are many efficacious treatments for depression, including cognitive-behavioral therapy. Latest estimates from the World Health Organization place depression as the world’s leading cause of disability. Depression is a highly prevalent and disabling mental health condition. |
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